本帖最后由 媚_者无疆 于 2013-4-14 02:48 编辑
原创数帖以上质量都不错的都可以放进来[给以后的版主看的]
猫与丸子那个算特例= =
这是用来防止沉底和寻贴混乱的。
粉丝党可以进来不理会其他帖子只看要看的。
作者党可以努力发贴让我吊上来这里[其实一点也不难]。
@甚没钱  如何阅读专业书籍与文献
https://www.gn00.com/t-130926-1-1.html
@NCarrot 心灵哲学系列（注：目录在帖子下方）
https://www.gn00.com/t-124369-1-1.html
@我不帅 人类文明史系列索引贴
https://www.gn00.com/t-75225-1-1.html
@〆如果没有你没 二战（介绍+人物+各种战役、事件）
https://www.gn00.com/t-33880-1-1.html
月三的政治策
https://www.gn00.com/t-33703-1-1.html
草稿旋律的草稿帖
https://www.gn00.com/t-28557-1-1.html
猫与肉丸子的故事
https://www.gn00.com/forum.php?mo ... 33155&fromuid=74502
补充说明：
1.鼓励各位主题系列作者们自己整理专属目录帖发在大版哦！【只要主题系列的帖子有四发以上就可以发一帖”专属目录“了！优质主题作者专属目录将在此帖贴上链接，有糖神马的就小小声告诉你好了~~(*￣∇￣)】
2.如果懒得自己整理，则版主不定期在此更新，嘿嘿……不过那就少吃一发糖了哟~~~

本帖最后由 草稿旋律 于 2012-4-25 03:42 编辑
我发现最近这里很多人喜欢讨论政论
所以这个活动就出来啦~
然后我搜寻很久都找不到申请活动的地方，所以应该活动是自治的吧？
-----------
理想乡这个概念从帕拉图的理想国[Republic]一书里的，所谓的[哲学-王]开始。
被无数的人所讨论。
摩尔著名的"乌托邦"[Utopia]
陶渊明的桃花源记
Huxley的"勇敢的新世界"[brave new world]
村上春树的"1Q84"
等等等等文学家，政治家，哲学家都一直讨论着，何谓理想的国度？
感兴趣的人，不妨在这里。
描述一下你认为理想的国度。
那是怎么样的世界？
-------------
这里给与那些认真地人一些重点。
政治如何？
独裁   贵族   民主？
信仰如何？
科学  思想  钱财  宗教？
特点如何？
开放  封锁  自我  大局？
动力为何？
信仰  钱财  荣誉  性命？
经济为何？
开放  封建  独占  专业？
等等等等之类的
重点就是为何完美？
好吧。。。其实还有可行性和运作性这两个重要元素。
大家都好随便。。[转头] 
不只是幻想性质的但是至少可能可以运作。[那个给与精细者或神帖]
------------
参与者都给与20宅币，2奉献[请理解什么叫参与者]
比较全面与精细者给与40宅币，4奉献，2技能点
神贴给与50宅币，8奉献，5技能点不解释。
文史哲思从来都不是发糖多的地方。
那不是我们的注重点不是吗？
对糖感兴趣而随便回复的请回吧。
截止就放在4月24日好了。
三月过后就交给媚者来维护世界吧。
----------
@丨端木丶荒冬   @月三   这两个政控的参与是强制性的。=^=

本帖最后由 阿图。 于 2013-7-14 21:30 编辑
Transcendentalism
Individualism and American Literature
•Pragmatic Individualism (Benjamin Franklin’s The Autobiography)
• Romantic Individualism (short stories of James Fenimore Cooper and Washington Irving)
• Transcendental Individualism (Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau)
Historicalbackground
Young people in Emerson’s time were looking for new values.  
They described their world as hypocritical,stifling, spiritually bankrupt
uTerrible conditions in Northern factories
uSlave labor in the South
uUnequal distribution of wealth
uDiscrimination against women
uFailure of churches
What is Transcendentalism?
•        Transcendentalism was a literary movement that flourished during the middle 19th Century(1836 – 1860).
•        It began as a rebellion against traditionally held beliefs by the English Church that God superseded the individual.
AmericanTranscendentalism  
•      Idealistic philosophy, spiritual position, and literary movement that advocates reliance on romantic intuition and moral human conscience
•      Belief that humans can intuitively transcend the limits of the sensesand of logic to a plane of “higher truths”
•      Value spirituality (direct access to benevolent God, not organized religion or ritual), divinity of humanity, nature, intellectual pursuits,social justice Rises out of two key intellectual and spiritualtraditions:
•   
Rises out of two key intellectual and spiritual traditions:
European Romanticism
•American Unitarianism
[fold=Image: Second Church of Boston, where Emerson held first ministerial position ][/fold]
Roots in European Romanticism
•      Begins Germany,late 18th century
•      England: 1798 – 1830s –   Wordsworth, Coleridge, Keats, Shelley, Byron, etc.
•      America: 1820s – 1860s –   Irving,Cooper, Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne,Melville, Poe, Whitman, etc. [fold=Image: William Wordsworth][/fold]
American Romanticismin 
•      Arrives in America 1820s
•      Center around Concord, Massachusetts—kind of artists’colony
•      “Transcendentalist Club” 1836—writing, reading, reform projects
•      Utopian communities—groups to escape American materialism
[fold][/fold]
Romanticism and Nature
•      Nature the key to self-awareness
•      Open self to nature & you may receive its gifts: a deeper, more mystical experience of life
•      Nature offers a kind of “grace”—“salvation” from mundane evil of everyday life
[fold][/fold]
•      External world of nature actually reflects invisible, spiritual reality
•      Self-reliance: seek the truth in immediate perceptions of the world
Then one can reconcile body and soul (which is part of “Universal Soul” or“Oversoul,” source of all life)
[fold][/fold]
Rises out of two key intellectual and spiritural traditions:
•      European Romanticism
•      American Unitarianism
[fold=Image: Second Church of Boston, where Emerson held first ministerial position][/fold]
Roots in American Unitarianism
•      Emerson a Unitarian minister
•      Unitarianism (Christian denomination) rises in late 1700s; formalized by William Ellery Channing, early 1800s
•      Liberal church—broken from strict New England Congregationalism(公理会 )
•      Reject total depravity of humanity
•      Believe in perfectibility of humanity
•      Reject idea of “angry God”—focus on benevolent God
•      UNITY of God rather than TRINITY of Father, Son, Holy Spirit
Spirit of Revivalism
•      Transcendentalism can be read as one of many spiritual revivals Americanculture fostered in antebellum years
[fold=Image: Religious Camp Meeting, J. Maze Burbank, c. 1839][/fold]
Transcendentalism as Spiritual Revival
•      Ironic refiguring of Puritanism, without the theological dogma
•      Transcendentalists lonely explorers (pilgrims) outside society and convention
•      Trying to form new society based on metaphysical awareness
•      Trying to purify society by purifying hearts and minds
•      Nature a spiritual manifesto
[fold=Image: Ralph Waldo Emerson ][/fold]
Spiritual Revival  “Standing on the bare ground,—my head bathed in the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space,—all mean egotism vanishes.  I become a transparent eye-ball; I am nothing;  I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God.”                                                                                                                                                                                      (Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nature,1836)
The Transparent Eyeball
[fold=Image: Christopher Pearse Cranch, parody of lines from Nature, 1838][/fold]
Core Beliefs of Transcendentalism
•        Finding its root in the word “transcend,” Transcendentalists believed individuals could transcend to a higher being of existence in nature.
•        God is located in the soul of each individual.
•        Humanity’s potential is limitless.
•        Experience is valued over scholarship.
Some criticism
•     Some critics felt their “shallow optimism” made it impossible to understand human suffering.
•     Critics have attempted to prove the lack of real spiritual origins in the movement.

本帖最后由 阿图。 于 2013-7-13 09:26 编辑
Theodore Dreiser (1871—1945) 
Life
Born from a large, poor, religious, immigrantfamily at Terre Haute, Indiana on August 27, 1871.
nHe spent his childhood in bitter poverty,lacking education, skill and status.
n   His own harsh experience of poverty as a youthand his early yearnings for wealth and success would become dominant themes inhis novels.
n   Because of poverty, he dropped out from highschool to seek jobs in Chicago. 
n   Spencer’ssocial Darwinism had a determining effect on his outlook. and personalexperiences led him to a pessimistic view of human helplessness in the face ofinstinct and social forces. 
n   Later, with his high school teacher’s financialsupport, he studied in Indiana University for one year. 
n   Later in 1892, he began his career as areporter, first with the ChicagoGlobe, and then with several other newspapers. 
n   In 1898he married Sara White, but his roving affections (and resulting infidelities)doomed their relationship. The couple separated permanently in 1912. 
n   His unhappy marriage life and the failure of SisterCarrie(1900) combined to drive Dreiser to the verge of suicide. 
n   The causes of failure:1. Naked presentation of American city life. 2. He illuminated the flaws of his characters but did not judge them andallowed vice to be rewarded instead of punished.  
n   Dreiser, a socialist, wrote several non-fiction bookson political issues.
n   In the 1930s, Dreiser had traveled to Spain tosupport the socialist government. He joined the American Communist Party justbefore he died in Hollywood, California, on December 28, 1945. 
Point of View
n    His vision was essentially that ofsocial Darwinism. 
n    He saw thousands of individualsfail through weakness and others rise up in their coarse determination to gainsocial eminence. 
n    He was neither morally earnest noremotionally sentimental.
n    His sympathies were always with theoppressed and the weak. 
n   Hisnovels convey a modern sensibility of dwarfed human beings in an inhuman cityenvironment symbolic of money, sex, power and cultivation. 
Dreiser’s Works 
Sister Carrie《嘉丽妹妹》: widely regarded as his masterpiece.
Jennie Gerhardt《珍妮姑娘》: a sequel of Sister Carrie.
Trilogy of Dreiser: The Financier《金融家》,
The Titan《巨头》,
The Stoic《斯多噶》
An American Tragedy《美国的悲剧》: one of his most important works.
The Genius《天才》: his autobiography.
Major works
n   An American Tragedy
  [fold][/fold]
n   Plot:  
n   Clyde Griffiths
n   Roberta 
n   Sondra Finchley
n   It is a challenge to the traditional American myth of “success”.   A  Place in the Sun(Film)  
n   Clyde beginswith a dream of success and ends in a tragedy. His life shows his ignorance ofa changed materialized society which prevents him from materializing his dream.
n    Biological and environmental elements arecentral to the understanding of Clyde’stragedy.MajorWriting Features 
n   1.As a naturalisticwriter, Dreiser stressed determinism in his novels. 
n   His characterscan’t assert their will against natural and economic forces.
n   Dreiser heldthat people are not entirely to blame for what they are and what they do. 
n   2. He developedthe capacity for photographic and relentless observation, thereby truthfullyreflecting the society and people of his time and making his novels verybelievable and convincing.
n   Almost all ofhis main characters are based on the real people.
n   Vividdescription of environmental settings and social background  
n   3. His novels are full of tragedies, serious subjects and miserable sideof the society. 
n   Dreiser broke through the genteel tradition , revealed the life of thelower class people and dared to expose the vulgar and ugly side of the society.(subject matter)
n   4. His powerful frankness widens the social and sexual range possiblefor literature in America.  
Sister Carrie (1912) 
[fold][/fold]
SisterCarrie
n Characters
n  Carrie Meeber
n   an ordinary girl who rises from a low-paid wageearner to a high-paid actress
n  Charlie Drouet
n  George Hurstwood
n    a memberof the upper middle class who falls from his comfortable lifestyle to a life onthe streets
n Analysis
n Themes Carrie Meeber
n   Caroline (Carrie) Meeber, theprotagonist of the novel, travels to Chicagoto stay with her sister and her brother-in-law. The world of Chicago enthralls her, and she constantlywants to buy things. Her first job is a low-paid, arduous position in afactory. When she loses her job, her sister and brother-in-law cannot supporther, so she becomes Charlie Drouet's mistress. Afterward, she becomesinfatuated with another man, George Hurstwood. Carrie and Hurstwood run to NewYork, where they discover that married life is far less exciting than theiraffair. Carrie leaves Hurstwood because he fails to provide her with the lavishlife she wants. She becomes a famous, high-paid actress in New York City. 
Charlie Drouet
n   Charlie Drouet is a charming, flashysalesman with a strong appetite for romance. Although he is warm-hearted, henever takes any of his romantic affairs seriously. He provides Carrie with aplace to stayafter she is forced to stop living with her sister; he alsopromises to marry her, but he never really intends on following through. Heloses Carrie to Hurstwood and then, years later, after she has become a famousactress, tries unsuccessfully to win her back. 
George Hurstwood
n   George Hurstwood is the manager of asaloon in Chicago.At the beginning of the novel, he is a wealthy, important man. He falls in lovewith Carrie after meeting her through Drouet. He tells Carrie that he lovesher, but he fails to mention that he is married. After his wife discovers hisaffair with Carrie and files for divorce, he steals ten thousand dollars fromthe saloon and flees with Carrie to Montreal.There, he marries her before his divorce with Julia is complete. Although hekeeps his theft a secret from Carrie, he is discovered by an investigator andrequired to return most of the money in order to protect his reputation. In New York, Hurstwoodslowly descends into poverty. After Carrie leaves him, he becomes a homelessbeggar and eventually commits suicide.           
The analysis of Sister Carrie(1900)  
n   3 different worlds in which Sister Carrie lives:
 n   her sister’s working-class existence,
n   her life with Druet in Chicago
n   With Hurstwood in New York.  
n   With no freedom of will, she is aslave to her heredity and environment. She is entirely depends on her physicalattractiveness and mental strength to move through an amoral world. 
n    Hurstwood cannot help himself inhis relationship with Sister Carrie. No respectable job, no handsome income, nocomfortable family, nothing could overcome his biological need and stop himfrom degradation. He is a typical example of the impotent modern man unfit tosurvive. He hovers between being a man and a beast in his behavior. The onlyend waiting for him is death. And die he does at the end of the novel.    
n   Neither Carrie nor Hurstwood earntheir fates through virtue or vice, but rather through random circumstance.Their successes and failures have no moral value; this stance marks SisterCarrie as a departure from the conventional literature of the period. 
n       
Themes
nAmerican Dream 
nWealth and Poverty 
nSex  
Question
nHow does the American Dream revealedin these three main characters?
AmericanDream
n  Eachof Dreiser's characters in Sister Carrie search for their own"American Dreams"       —Carrie, a poor country girl, arrives in Chicago, filled with theexpectations of acquiring the finer things in life. She imagines the elegantclothes she will wear, the exciting places to which she will go, and thefashionable people with whom she will associate, thinking that everyone wholives beyond the boundaries of her Midwestern state has achieved that higherstatus.       — Drouet seeks his own version of theAmerican Dream. He has achieved a certain station in life and wears the clothesto prove it. He frequents the important establishments in town and hasbefriended many of the established people. Yet, he pursues the otherappointments that represent his dream, such as a beautiful woman to adorn hisarm and his own home.       — Hurstwood has the woman, theestablished home and family, and a good position. He, though, wants more. Heseeks love, appreciation, and more prestige.  
Wealthand Poverty
n  Industrial growth brought the United States a period ofprosperity during the late 1800s and early 1900s. With factories flourishing,job opportunities were abundant. People made good money in factory managementpositions and other white-collar jobs. Factory workers, however, not onlyearned low incomes, but they also worked long hours. Consequently, a widedivision existed between the wealthy and the poor. 
n   Carrie comes from a lower-middle-class background and determines thatshe will rise above it. Carrie wants more for herself.n   Throughout Sister Carrie, the distinction between social classesis obvious. The clothes people wear, the homes in which they live, and theactivities in which they are involved distinguish the rich from the poor. Thewealthy wear stylish clothes and attend elaborate performances of the arts. Inthe final chapter, the description of Hurst-wood's last days offers a vividpicture of the ultimate plight of the poorest.  
Sex
n   In the early 1900s, the morals and virtues of the Victorian era stillguided people's actions. People with proper upbringing did not speak of sex.The public was shocked that Dreiser's characters so openly participated inexplicit relationships and that Dreiser seemed to take it granted.
n   Carrie uses sex to gain status for herself. She sees nothing wrong inliving with Drouet to get the clothes she wants and to have opportunities tomove in Chicago'saffluent circles. Later, Carrie sees that Hurstwood can offer her an even higherstandard of living. She ignores the fact that he is already married and the twoof them will be committing adultery. With no regard for Drouet's emotions, shebreaks off their relationship and pursues one with Hurstwood. After living withHurstwood for some time, she realizes she can no longer benefit from the arrangement and leaves him, too.  
Discussion
n   1. What is Dreiser’s naturalistic point of view?
n   2. An American Tragedy tells a young man’s struggle, rise andfall. Why it is titled as an American Tragedy?
n   3. What are the themes of Sister Carrie?  
n   4. Does the author label Carrie as a sinner? Make comments on Carrie
Watchthe movien  
本内容已隐藏，回复后刷新可见哦
 

20th Century American Literature
Major Literary Trends and Schools
20th Century American Literature
American Literature before WWII
•	The Imagist Movement
•	The Lost Generation
•	The Southern Renaissance
•	The Harlem Renaissance
American Literature after WWII
•	The Beat Generation
•	The Black Mountain Poetry
•	Confessional Poetry
•	The American Drama
The Imagist Movement
•	Definition
•	Three Periods
Definition of Imagism
•	Imagism is a literary movement launched by British and American poets early in the 20th century that advocated the use of free verse, common speech patterns, new rhythmic effects, and the expression of ideas and emotions with clear concrete images rather than through romanticism or symbolism as a reaction to Victorian sentimentalism.
Three Major Principles
a. Direct treatment of the “thing,” whether subjective or objective (no ornament).
b. To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation (economy of expression).
c. As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome (use of free verse, the interrelationship between music and verse).
The Lost Generation
•	Definition
•	Characteristics
Definition of The Lost Generation
•	The term Lost Generation was coined by Gertrude Stein to refer to a group of American literary artists who lived in Paris in the 1920s and 1930s.
•	The outstanding representatives included Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Sherwood Anderson, and Gertrude Stein herself.
Characteristics of The Lost Generation
•	The Lost Generation writers were disillusioned by the atrocities of the WWI and became cynical, disdainful of the Victorian notions of morality and propriety of their (fore-) fathers.
•	They were dissatisfied with the oppressive materialism and cultural narrowness of the American society, so they went abroad to search for a more congenial, artistic locale and produced a great number of the best works in the American literary history.
the Southern Renaissance
•	The American southern literature underwent a new birth in the 1920s and 1930s, represented by such writers as William Faulkner, and Katherine Anne Porter.
Characteristics of the Southern Renaissance
•	The literature of this period chiefly dealt with three themes:
•	The historical issues such as the slavery, racism
•	defeat of the south
•	reconstruction.
•	The South’s conservative culture reflected in individual-society relationship. The southern writers of the twentieth century could deal with the South theme more objectively, using complex narrative techniques such as stream of consciousness in their works.
the Harlem Renaissance
•	The Harlem Renaissance was a flowering of the African-American literature and art mainly in the Harlem district of New York City in the 1920’s.
“My People” by Langston Hughes
•	The night is beautiful,
•	So the faces of my people.
•	The stars are beautiful,
•	So the eyes of my people.
•	Beautiful, also, is the sun.
•	Beautiful, also, are the souls of my people.
我的人民
•	夜色是美丽的，
•	我的人民的脸也是一样。
•	星星是美丽的，
•	我的人民的眼睛也是一样。
•	太阳也是美丽的，
•	我的人民的心灵也是一样美丽的。
Beat Generation
•	The term beat generation, introduced by Jack Kerouac in about 1948, refers to certain American artists and writers who worked in and around San Francisco during the 1950s, hence San Francisco Renaissance.
•	The adjective "beat" meant "tired", "down and out", "upbeat", "beatific", and "on the beat".
Influence of the Beat Generation
•	The Beat Generation exerted an obviously tremendous effect upon the western culture, whether in lifestyle experimentation, challenging the authority or in the interest in the Oriental religions and thought.
•	It can be seen as the first modern "subculture", to whom many writers, artists and musicians who explicitly acknowledge a debt.
•	During the 1960s beat ideas and attitudes were absorbed by other cultural movements, hence the counter culture of the hippies.
The American Drama
•	The American drama originated in the 19th century, and rose and developed in the 20th century.
•	Not only were the European works staged on the stage in America, but there also appeared not a few modern American dramatists.
•	The representative playwrights included Eugene O’ Neill that dominated the 1920s, Tennessee Williams who was active after WWII, his contemporaries Arthur Miller, William Inge, Edward Albee, Arthur Kopit, David Mamet and Sam Shepard.
Ezra Pound
   艾兹拉•庞德  
The life of Pound
•	born in Hailey, Idaho
•	grew up and was educated mainly in Pennsylvania.
•	In 1901 at the age of 15, he entered the University of Pennsylvania
•	 two years later ,transferred to Hamilton College
the University of Pennsylvania
•
•	In 1908 he moved to Europe, living first in Venice but eventually settling in London.
•	 Pound self-published A Lume Spento, his first published collection of short poems, while living in Venice.
•	In the years before the World War I, Pound was largely responsible for the appearance of Imagism, and coined the name of the movement Vorticism(旋涡主义画派 )
•	Ezra married the artist Dorothy Shakespear in 1914.
•	In 1920, he moves to Paris and got acquainted with Gertrude stein and her circle of friends,then settled in Italy in 1924.
•	 During the second World War ,he leaned in the direction of Mussolini’s fascist totalitarianism
•	having  made anti-American radio broadcasts, he was arrested as a traitor in 1945 .
•	sent to the US, where he was deemed mentally unfit to stand trial for treason.
•	 Pound was confined for 12 years in a hospital (actually prison) for the criminally insane in Washington.
•	During this time he translated works of ancient Greek and ancient Chinese literature .
•	While in prison ,he was awarded a prestigious poetry prize in 1949 for his last Cantos.
•	 In 1958 he returned to Italy,where he continued to write and make translations until he died in 1972.
Evaluation
•	Although admired for his contribution to poetry--among other things, he founded the imagist movement--Ezra Pound was also considered a controversial figure for his erratic personality and the political views he expressed during World War II. Pound saw the poet as a "guide and lamp of civilization," and into his best-known work, the 800-page Cantos, he poured his knowledge of philosophy, economics, art, and history. However divided his critics, Pound's bold theories and poetic experiments set the standards of modernism.
In a Station of the Metro
•	The apparition of these faces in the crowd;
petals on a wet,black bough.
In a Station of the Metro
•	It is an Imagist poem published in 1913 in Poetry. The poem attempts to describe Pound's experience upon visiting an underground metro station in Paris in 1912, and Pound suggested that the faces of the individuals in the metro were best put into a poem not with a description but with an equation. Because of the treatment of the subject's appearance by way of the poem's own visuality, it is considered a quintessential Imagist text.
Question
•	Can you find the images in this short poem?
III. Appreciation of In a Station of the Metro
	The “Metro” is the underground railway of Paris.
	The word “apparition”, with its double meaning, binds the two aspects of the observation together:
	Apparition meaning “appearance”, in the sense of something which appears, or shows up; something which can be clearly observed.
	Apparition meaning something which seems real but perhaps is not real; something ghostly which cannot be clearly observed.
In a Station of the Metro
•	The writer uses the image of “petals” on another image, that is, “wet, black bough”.
•	In it, Pound attempts to produce the emotion he felt when he walked down into a Paris subway station and suddenly saw a number of faces in the dim light. To capture the emotion, Pound uses the image of petals on a wet, black bough. The image is not decoration: it is central to the poem’s meaning. In fact, it is the poem’s meaning.
The Road Not Taken (p.170)
•	The speaker stands in the woods, considering a fork in the road. Both ways are equally worn and equally overlaid with un-trodden leaves. The speaker chooses one, telling himself that he will take the other another day. Yet he knows it is unlikely that he will have the opportunity to do so. And he admits that someday in the future he will recreate the scene with a slight twist: He will claim that he took the less-traveled road.
Questions
•	What was the first road like and what about the second? Which road was more risky?
•	At last, which road did the author take?
•	How did he console himself after making such a choice?
•	Does the sigh show relief or regret?
•	Which Is the Road Not Taken? The less-traveled or the other one?
•	What is the theme of the poem?
analysis
•	Stanza 1:
•	On the road of life, the speaker arrives at a point where he must decide which of two equally appealing (or equally intimidating) choices is the better one. He examines one choice as best he can, but the future prevents him from seeing where it leads.
•	Stanza 2:
•	The speaker selects the road that appears at first glance to be less worn and therefore less traveled. This selection suggests that he has an independent spirit and does not wish to follow the crowd. After a moment, he concludes that both roads are about equally worn.
analysis
•	Stanza 3:
•	 Leaves cover both roads equally. No one on this morning has yet taken either road, for the leaves lie undisturbed. The speaker remains committed to his decision to take the road he had previously selected, saying that he will save the other road for another day. He observes, however, that he probably will never pass this way again and thus will never have an opportunity to take the other road.
•	 Stanza 4:
•
In years to come, the speaker says, he will be telling others about the choice he made. While doing so, he will sigh either with relief that he made the right choice or with regret that he made the wrong choice. Whether right or wrong, the choice will have had a significant impact on his life.
analysis
•	The rhyme scheme is ABAAB
•	Meter: iambic tetrameter
•	Figure of speech:
•	metaphor ---a path being compared to life, and a divergent path representing a choice.
Imagery
•	Since   in  wood is yellow we can picture this as autumn. When leaves change color and life starts to die.  passage makes  reader see that  decision  poet is making is a difficult one. As  poem continues it says "green and wanted wear" (8). With  green we can picture  poet is saying that there is life.
themes
•	Individualism
•	.......The speaker chooses to go his own way, taking the “road less traveled” (line 19).
•	Caution
•	.......Before deciding to take the "road less traveled" (line 19), the speaker takes time to consider the other road. He says, "[L]ong I stood / And looked down one as far as I could" (lines 3-4).
•	Commitment
•	.......The speaker does not have second thoughts after making his decision.
•	Accepting a Challenge
•	.......It may be that the road the speaker chooses is less traveled because it presents trials or perils. Such challenges seem to appeal to the speaker.
Thank you！

The Literature of American
Romanticism
Early 1800s -1865
contents
•	Origin of American Romanticism
•	Background
•	Features of Romanticism
•	Development of American Romanticism
•	Main writers and works
origin
•	It stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War.
•	started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch Book
•	ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass.
•	Known as the American Renaissance
–	a flowering, excitement over human possibilities, and a high regard for individual ego
International Background
•	Industrial Revolution (destruction of nature)
•	French Revolution
•	a. Jacksonian democracy of the frontier. (a "monopoly" of government by elites )
•	Manifest destiny: white Americans had a destiny to settle the American West and to expand control from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific and that the West should be settled by yeoman farmers.
•	b. Intellectual and spiritual revolution - rise of Unitarianism.
•	c. Middle colonies - utopian experiments
Domestic background
•	Historically,
	immigration, immigrants in large numbers arrive to the US.
	westward movement , vast expanse, freedom, no geographic limitations
•	Politically,
	democracy and equality became the ideal of the new nation; two-party system
	Polarization between the North and South,
	Industrialized v.s. agricultural
•	Culturally, Significant advancement in literacy and education
•	self-conscious about cultural status
•	new experience: the early Puritan settlement, the confrontation with the Indians, the frontiersmen's life
•	Optimism
•	Religion     stern dogma of Calvinism           Unitarianism and deism
American national experience of "pioneering into the west"
Features of American Romanticism
•	Imitative
–	 against the literary forms and ideas of classicism,
–	developing some relatively new forms of fiction and or poetry,
–	emphasizing upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature,
–	a liking for the picturesque, the exotic, the sensuous, the sensational, and the supernatural things.
•	Independent
–	 peculiar American experience (landscape, pioneering to the West, Indian   civilization, new nation’s democracy and dreams. example: Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales)
–	Puritan heritage (more moralizing, edifying more than mere entertainment) (careful about love and sex. example: Scarlet Letter)
–	American national consciousness—the sense of mission (The formation of the Republic)
General Features
–	Stressing emotion rather than reason
–	 Stressing freedom and individuality
–	Stressing idealism rather than materialism
–	 Writing about nature, medieval legends and with supernatural elements
Two periods and representatives
•	1770s to 1830s—Early period
•	 Representatives:
–	Washington Irving, The Sketch Book
–	James F.Cooper
–	 New England poets
•	Two famous poets:
–	William Bryant (first distinctive American lyric poet; writing about nature, religion and life
–	 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (balancing Romantic spirits with classical and Christian taste; famous poem - “A Psalm of Life”)
Two periods and representatives
•	1830s to 1860s—Late period
•	Flowering of American literature
•	Representatives:
–	Ralph Waldo Emerson,
–	 Henry David Thoreau,
–	Nathaniel Hawthorne,
–	Herman Melville,
–	Walt Whitman,
–	Emily Dickinson,
–	Edgar Allan Poe
Main genres
1.Short stories:
Washington Irving（1783-1859)
2. Poetry:
a. Henry W. Longfellow:   The Song of Hiawatha
b. Allen Poe: The Raven
c. Walter Whitman: Leaves of Grass and his free verse.
d. Emily Dickson: the only great FEMALE poet in the 19th century in America.
3. Novel:
a. James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)
b. Nathaniel Hawthorn :Scarlet Letter
c. Herman Melville
The father of the American literature
Washington Irving (1783-1859)
•	last of 11 children
•	lived from end of Revolutionary War to just before the Civil War
•	1809: published parody History of New York, under the pseudonym Dietrich Knickerbocker; became celebrity (New York Knicks NBA team)
•	1815: departed for Europe; away for 17 yrs.
•	1819: The Sketch Book, including “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,” both based on German folktales
Washington Irving (1783-1859)
•	first American writer to be a big success in England
•	1828: The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus, research in Spain
•	1829-32: diplomat in London
•	1832-42: returns to U.S., builds home Sunnyside on Hudson River, New York
•	1842-46: minister to Spain
•	1851-59: 5 vol. life of George Washington
Sunnyside
Hudson River from Sunnyside
Major works
–	“A History of New York”
–	“The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent ” (a collection of essays and short stories)
•	“Rip Van Winkle”
•	“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”
•	It views a striking contrast between an independent United States and the former British colony from the eye of a native inhabitant after his 20-year sleep.
•	“Rip Van Winkle” is the classic American story of a man who finds his home life intolerable, and so escapes into a world of fantasy and vision
Vision vs. Reality
•	Reality: Home life, under the rule of Dame Van Winkle
–	Farm: “most pestilent piece of ground in the whole country”
–	Children: “ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody”
–	Wife: “continually dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family”
Vision vs. Reality
•	Vision: Community anywhere outside the house
–	Playing with village children/telling stories
–	Minding “any body’s business but his own”; “an insuperable aversion to all kinds of profitable labor”
–	“frequenting a kind of perpetual club of the sages, philosophers, and other idle personages of the village”
–	Escaping into the woods with gun and dog Wolf
Vision vs. Reality: Rip’s Journey
•	Rip’s Kaatskill experience extends his village “vision”
–	Escape from family responsibility
–	Dutch Drinking party: Male community, from past (Henry Hudson and men?)
–	Minding other people’s business
–	Obedience and rebellion: 2 sides of Rip’s character
Political Allegory (1)
•	Upon waking, Rip finds himself in a different political system
–	Village inn Union Hotel
–	King George George Washington
–	People: “phlegm and drowsy tranquillity” “busy, bustling, disputatious tone”
–	“ancient newspaper” handbills
–	Nicholas Vedder(inn owner) dead; Brom Dutcher(Neighbor of Rip) killed in war; Derrick Van Bummel(Village schoolmaster ) in Congress
Political Allegory (2)
•	“a knowing, self-important old gentleman” : a new political type
–	Interviews Rip
–	Leaves when crowd wants to take Rip’s gun Returns “when the alarm was over” (¶56)
–	The crowd imitates his gestures
Political Allegory (3)
•	When Rip sees his son, “a precise counterpart of himself as he went up the mountain: apparently as lazy, and certainly as ragged. The poor fellow was now completely confounded. He doubted his own identity”
•	This scene portrayed by genre painter John Quidor, The Return of Rip Van Winkle (1829? 1849?)
Political Allegory (4)
Rip stands for America’s identity crisis as a new democracy:
“God knows. . . . I’m not myself—I’m somebody else—that’s me yonder—no that’s somebody else, got into my shoes—I was myself last night, but I fell asleep on the mountain, and they’ve changed my gun, and ever thing’s changed, and I’m changed, and I can’t tell what’s my name, or who I am!”
Political Allegory (5)
•	According to this allegorical reading,
•	Rip Van Winkle-American People
•	His wife - England–“the tyranny of Dame Van Winkle
Political Allegory (6)
•	But “Rip, in fact, was no politician; the changes of states and empires made but little impression on him”
–	Thus, Rip is an anti-hero of the revolution, an anti-patriot, for whom politics makes little difference in daily life
–	Rip becomes a patriarch and “a chronicle of old times”—suggesting a society’s need for memory as well as revolution
The theme of “Rip Van Winkle”
The theme of “Rip Van Winkle”
•	it reveals conservative attitude of Irving.
revolution upset the natural order of things.
	Bewilderment: coming out of the oppressed life, people were at a loss about what they should do.
•	 radical changes are sometimes necessary to move society forward, such changes must not eradicate old ways and traditions entirely. There must be continuity
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow
•	Main characters
•	Ichabod Crane (schoolmaster with an obsession with ghost stories )
•	Katrina (only daughter of a wealthy farmer)
•	Brom Bones (a well-liked but irresponsible and rowdy young man)
•	Headless horseman
Writing Style
•	gentle, refined, lucid, beautiful (classical in form though romantic in subjects)
•	Good at creating atmosphere
•	Thin plot
•	Humor
•	Finished and musical language
•	Vivid characters
•	the first American writers to earn an international reputation
•	Father of the American literature
•	His The Sketch Book marked the beginning of American romanticism
J.F. Cooper  (1789-1851)
James Fenimore Cooper
	Life
	Works
	Achievements
James Cooper (1789 - 1851)
•	Life story
–	born in a rich family
–	attended Yale but expelled
–	five years at sea
–	inherited fortune then a comfortable life
–	wrote lots of novels because he one day was disgusted by one novel
Three subjects of his works
•	The Spy --- the revolution(革命历史小说 )
•	The Leather Stocking Tales--- the frontier (边疆题材小说)
•	The Pilot --- the sea (航海生活小说 )
The Theme of The Pioneers
•	wilderness vs. civilization,
•	 freedom vs. law,
•	 order vs. change,
•	aristocrat vs. democrat,
•	natural rights vs. legal rights
Major works
•	Early works:
•	Precaution 《戒备》(1820)
–	First novel
•	The Spy «间谍» ( 1821 )
–	his second novel and great success
The Spy
•	Leather stocking Tales(a series of five novels about the frontier life):
–	The  Pioneers, 《 拓荒者》
–	The Prairie,  、《 大草原》
–	The Last of the Mohicans, 《 最后一个莫希干人》
–	The Pathfinder, 《 探路人》
–	The Deerslayer 《 打鹿将》
The Leatherstocking Tales
	five frontier adventure stories
	the nearest approach yet to an American epic9(Allan Nevins)
	set in the early frontier period of American history
•	Central character: Natty Bumppo
–	several names for same character: Hawk-eye, the Pathfinder, the Deer slayer, Leather stocking
–	a typical frontier man: honest, simple, innocent, generous (represents brotherhood of man, nature and freedom)
Literary traits
•	Theme: modern civilization advancing on the wilderness and the contradiction between them
•	Features
–	Good at inventing plots (Cooper had never been to the frontier area  personally.)
•	Style:
–	powerful, yet clumsy and dreadful
–	Wooden Characters
–	Use of dialect, but not authentic (criticized by Mark Twain)
Achievements
•	created a myth about the formative period of the American nation
•	turned the west and frontier as a useable past
•	 helped to introduce western tradition to American literature
•	one of the most popular 19th century American authors
•	works were admired greatly throughout the world
•	 stories have been translated into nearly all the languages of Europe and into some of those of Asia
•	most memorably criticized by Mark Twain
•	presentation of race relations and native Americans has generated much comment, not all of it sympathetic
•	criticized heavily for his depiction of women characters in his works
The Last of the Mohicans

本帖最后由 草稿旋律 于 2012-5-12 01:02 编辑
锵锵~编辑一月三贴也写完了
就这样我的绕技术宅一圈就结束了=1505=
只等下个月辞退
还是要感谢各位看官留下那么多神回复(虽然地震全部不见了。。。)
有一些根本就写出了另一种概念让我得益良多。
嘛~然后就是认识了几个好基友吧。。
然后还是把我的贴链接放上来好了
不然全部沉底我也很心痛的说(虽然本来就没有人看)~
自学性
迷茫
https://www.gn00.com/t-28554-1-1.html
论技术宅
https://www.gn00.com/t-27416-1-1.html
论蒙蔽
https://www.gn00.com/t-23794-1-1.html
理想与现实
https://www.gn00.com/t-22244-1-1.html
论专业牛角尖与全领域略懂
https://www.gn00.com/t-22240-1-1.html
王小波《一只特立独行的猪》
https://www.gn00.com/t-22238-1-1.html
爱因斯坦"人是为了别人活着的"
https://www.gn00.com/t-22230-1-1.html
叔本华"关于独处"
https://www.gn00.com/t-22220-1-1.html
梁文道"我的灵魂我的书"简化与原文
https://www.gn00.com/t-22224-1-1.html
尼采"成为你自己"，白话文与原文，此文严肃，慎入
https://www.gn00.com/t-22214-1-1.html
知识累积的极限点
https://www.gn00.com/t-22196-1-1.html
有趣，就好
https://www.gn00.com/t-22199-1-1.html
自我翻译 帕拉图"洞穴的囚犯" 白话文~ 还是很复杂所以慎进~
 
https://www.gn00.com/t-22191-1-1.html
指向下方的亚里士多德"世界即系统"
https://www.gn00.com/t-22185-1-1.html
闲
https://www.gn00.com/t-22183-1-1.html
汤姆"自然理论"五种证神论
https://www.gn00.com/t-23908-1-1.html

长尾理论（The Long Tail）是网络时代兴起的一种新理论，由美国人克里斯·安德森提出。长尾理论认为，由于成本和效率的因素，当商品储存流通展示的场地和渠道足够宽广，商品生产成本急剧下降以至于个人都可以进行生产，并且商品的销售成本急剧降低时，几乎任何以前看似需求极低的产品，只要有卖，都会有人买。这些需求和销量不高的产品所占据的共同市场份额，可以和主流产品的市场份额 相比，甚至更大。
————————摘自度娘
PDF资源搜自网络，版权归原作者及译者
二、成功的“长尾”案例：
1、 Google是一个最典型的“长尾”公司，其成长历程就是把广告商和出版商的“长尾”商业化的过程。
数以百万计的小企业和个人，此前他们从未打过广告，或从没大规模地打过广告。他们小得让广告商不屑，甚至连他们自己都不曾想过可以打广告。但Google的AdSense把广告这一门槛降下来了：广告不再高不可攀，它是自助的，价廉的，谁都可以做的；另一方面，对成千上万的Blog站点和小规模的商业网站来说，在自己的站点放上广告已成举手之劳。
————————摘自本书
经常性地，我们会以为所谓主流或大众热门，就是被市场所真正需求的，但事实可能并非如此。
某程度上甚至可以说，那些被冠以“畅销”、“热卖”、“追捧”的商品，都只是销售渠道中，在大鳄们主导下的“民意QJ”，他们只卖他们愿意卖的，我们于是只能买我们可以买的，卖场、货架的热销货品就是这样产生的，消费者没有选择，或者很少选择。
长尾理论的意义，就在于提醒了我们，在这个互联网世代，其实是不应该有“滞销”一说的，当然前提是你的产品真的是“商品”而不是垃圾冒充成商品。
————————小编的话(其实是装13的LZ~)
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